Maze mechanics

See also: Level Design, Architecture

"And wow, I should say, I do hate mazes right. It was the one rule that I was trying to get across in the first game when we were working with the level artists was don't make mazes, because they just confuse people and people get lost and frustrated." - Toby Gard, Tomb Raider: Anniversary Designers' Commentary

“Look at you, hacker: a pathetic creature of meat and bone, panting and sweating as you run through my corridors." - SHODAN, System Shock

STANDARD MAZE DESIGN:
 * If a player has some idea of the mazes overall size and shape, as well as the direction of the goal/exit, it's possible to orient the turns in a maze around that focus.
 * Manhattan distance is often treated as the linear path forward, while deviations from that principle are used for optional areas and secrets.
 * A way "forward" that seems to spiral out is enticing and indicates progress; a way "to the side" that spirals out balloons the player's internal map and suggests (though doesn't necessitate) backtracking
 * Players often try to clear out the "section" they're in before moving to the next one
 * Maze solving algorithm - Wikipedia

The grammar of visual language, "Pragnanz": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology#Pr%C3%A4gnanz

"The labyrinth, like a mandala, is based on ‘organic sacred geometry’ that departs from the principle ‘the shortest distance between two points is a straight line’, recognising the acceleration found in curvature of vortices."

Timeline
PRE-PACMAN:
 * Mouse in the Maze (1959) - https://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com/tag/mouse-in-a-maze/
 * Maze War (1973) - first-person
 * Gotcha (1973) - early Atari title
 * Tank (1974)
 * The Amazing Maze Game (1976)
 * Blockade (1976)
 * Maze Game (1978) - Silas Warner
 * Space Chaser (1979)
 * Head On (1979)
 * Heiankyo Alien (1979)
 * Rally-X (1980)

80s:
 * Pac-Man (1980)
 * Berzerk (1980)
 * Wizard of Wor (1980)
 * Tranquilizer Gun (1980)
 * Make Trax / Crush Roller (1981)
 * Lady Bug (1981)
 * Sokoban (1982)
 * Pengo (1982)
 * Anteater (1982)
 * Bomberman (1983)
 * Sindbad Mystery (1983)
 * Hover Bovver (1983) - Jeff Minter
 * The Tower of Druaga (1984)
 * Devil World (1984) - Shigeru Miyamoto
 * Labyrinth (1984)
 * MIDI Maze (1987)
 * Raimais (1988) - http://gaming.moe/?p=1794
 * Kickle Cubicle (1988/1990)
 * Painter Momopie (1990)

GRID CAPTURE GAMES:
 * Qix (1981)
 * Disco No. 1 (1982)
 * Quantum (1982)
 * Libble Rabble (1983)
 * Gals Panic (1990)
 * Dancing Eyes (1996)

TILE-HOPPING GAMES:
 * Frogger (1981)
 * Meikyuu Jiin Dababa (1987)
 * StarTropics (1990)
 * Frogger 2: Swampy's Revenge (2000) / Zapper (2002)
 * Frogger's Adventures: Temple of the Frog (2001) / Frogger's Adventures 2: The Lost Wand (2002)
 * Frogger: Helmet Chaos (2005)
 * Crossy Road (2014)
 * Crypt of the NecroDancer (2015)

OTHER:
 * Clu Clu Land
 * Blockade/Quoridor (Board Games)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromouse
 * https://boardgamegeek.com/wiki/page/Ravensburger_Labyrinth_Games

Glossary of Terms

 * T-maze and Y-Maze
 * Fractal maze
 * Infinite empty space outside the border of the maze
 * Unreachable areas


 * Passages/corridors
 * Corners
 * Dead-ends
 * Crossroads
 * Cul-de-sac checkpoints/rest areas
 * Islands
 * Loops
 * Spirals
 * Overpasses/underpasses
 * Transparent walls/windows
 * Low/high walls
 * Shortcuts/hidden passages
 * Elitism (how much ground do you have to cover to solve the maze?)
 * Unicursal labyrinth comprised of multiple circuits


 * One-way doors????
 * 4-D Backtracking????
 * Marathon: 5-D Space
 * Lunatic Fringe (Duke Nukem 3D)
 * http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/maze/simple/index.htm#spiral
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Fontana_(engineer)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiyang_Lou
 * http://www.geomancy.org/index.php/mag-e-zine/mag-e-zine-1997/no-6-summer-solstice/dowsing-labyrinths